Unit-2 Database Management System
Data
Data refers to raw facts and figures that may or may not give any sense.
Examples
- Ram
- 15
- Pokhara
- 2083
- Computer Science
Information
Information is processed or refined data that gives a complete meaning.
Example
Ram is a 15-year-old student from Pokhara studying Computer Science in 2083.
Difference Between Data and Information
Data | Information |
Data is raw and unorganized facts. | Information is processed and meaningful data. |
Data has no clear meaning. | Information has clear meaning. |
Data is used as input. | Information is used for decision making. |
Example: Ram, 15, Pokhara | Example: Ram is a 15-year-old student from Pokhara. |
Table
Database
A database is a collection of related data stored in an organized form so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. A database can be very large like Facebook’s database or small like a classroom attendance register.
A database is an organized collection of related data stored in tables consisting of rows and columns. A database contain single of multiple tables.
Examples of Database
- Employee
Payroll
- Student
Attendance Register
- Telephone
Directory
- Library
Records
- Dictionary
Importance of Database
- Huge storage of data: Stores a large amount of information efficiently.
- Easy access to data: Data can be quickly retrieved and updated.
- Maintains data security: Protects data from unauthorized users.
- Maintains data integrity: Ensures data is accurate (correct and error-free) and consistent (same data is uniform and unchanged across the database).
- Allows data sharing: Multiple users can access data at the same time.
- Provides backup and recovery: Helps restore data if it is lost.
- Reduces data redundancy: Avoids duplication of data
Applications of Database
Databases are used in many real-life systems where large
amounts of information need to be stored, managed, and accessed efficiently.
1. Banking System : Banks use databases to store customer details, transactions, deposits, withdrawals, and loan records.
2. Education System: Schools use databases to manage student records, attendance, exam results, and fee details.
3. Railway Reservation System: Used for ticket booking, cancellation, seat availability, and passenger details.
4. Library Management System: Used to store book records, issue details, return dates, and fines.
5. Social Media Platforms: Stores posts, messages, photos, videos, and user profiles.
6. E-Commerce Websites: Manages products, orders, payments, and delivery details.
7. Healthcare System Stores patient records, medical history, and billing information.
8. Telecommunication System Manages customer data, call records, and billing information.
Database Management System (DBMS)
A DBMS is software used to create, store, manage, retrieve,
update, and delete data in a database. It acts as a bridge between users and
the database.
Examples of DBMS
- MySQL – Open-source SQL database used for websites and applications.
- Oracle Database – Powerful commercial database used in large organizations for secure and complex data management.
- Microsoft SQL Server – Microsoft’s database system used in business and enterprise solutions.
- PostgreSQL – Advanced open-source SQL database known for reliability and strong features.
- MongoDB – NoSQL database that stores data in flexible document format for
Recent Trends in Database Technology
- Cloud Database – Stores data online and can scale easily as needed.
Example: Amazon RDS, Google Cloud Firestore -
NoSQL Database – Designed to handle large amounts of unstructured or semi-structured data.
Example: MongoDB, Cassandra -
In-Memory Database – Stores data in RAM for very fast access and processing.
Example: Redis, SAP HANA -
Distributed Database – Data is stored across multiple computers or locations but works as one system.
Example: Apache Cassandra, Google Spanner
Features of DBMS
- Organized Data Storage: Stores large amounts of data in structured tables for easy management.
- Fast Data Retrieval: Quickly searches and displays required information when needed.
- Efficient Data Manipulation: Allows easy adding, updating, and deleting of data.
- Strong Data Integrity: Ensures data is accurate, consistent, and valid at all times.
- Duplicate Data Control: Reduces unnecessary repetition of data to save space and improve efficiency.
- Data Security Protection: Protects data from unauthorized access and misuse.
- Backup and Recovery System: Restores data safely in case of system failure or data loss.
Benefits of DBMS
- Easy
data storage and retrieval
- Reduces
data redundancy
- Ensures
data consistency
- Supports
multiple users
- Provides
data security
- Supports
backup and recovery
Challenges of DBMS
- High
setup cost
- Security
risks if not managed properly
- Requires
regular maintenance
- Needs
skilled users
- May
slow down with very large data
RDBMS
RDBMS is a database system where data is stored in tables
and relationships among data are also stored in tables.
Examples
- MySQL
- Oracle
- PostgreSQL
- MS
SQL Server
Uses of RDBMS
- Websites
- Banking
systems
- Schools
- Business
applications
Difference Between Database and DBMS
|
Database |
DBMS |
|
Organized
collection of data |
Software to
manage data |
|
Stores data
in tables |
Creates and
manages data |
|
Contains only
data |
Contains
tools to manage data |
|
Example:
Student record file |
Example:
MySQL, Oracle |